Un nuevo objeto histórico. La democracia y los historiadores

Carlos Domper Lasús

doi:10.14198/PASADO2022.24.14

Autores/as

Carlos Domper Lasús Universidad de Zaragoza, España https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6096-2103

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/PASADO2022.24.14

Palabras clave:

Democracia, Historia, Ciencia Política, Crisis, Adaptación

Resumen

A lo largo de la última década han aparecido una enorme cantidad de publicaciones dirigidas a explicar las razones por las que la democracia liberal está en crisis. Consciente o inconscientemente, muchos de esos trabajos se articulan alrededor de un concepto de democracia liberal monolítico y ahistórico que ha sido desarrollado por las ciencias sociales desde mediados de los años cincuenta. Este artículo da cuenta de los trabajos sobre la democracia que los historiadores han desarrollado desde comienzos del nuevo milenio. De este modo, muestra una visión mucho más conflictiva y problemática de este objeto de estudio anclada, en su inserción en los procesos de cambio social y político.

Financiación

Programa Juan de la Cierva del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Proyecto de Investigación PID 2020-112800-GB

Citas

ALMOND, G. A. (1950). The American people and foreign policy. Harcourt: Brace.

ALMOND, G. A. (1956). Comparative Political Systems. The Journal of Politics, 18(3), 391-409. https://doi.org/10.2307/2127255

ALMOND, G. A., y VERBA, S. (1963). The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400874569

BALL, T. (1993). American political science in its postwar political context. En J. FARR y R. SEIDELMAN (Eds.), Discipline and history. Political science in the United States (207-221). Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

BAUERKÄMPER, A. (2014). The Twisted Road to Democracy as a Quest for Security: Germany in the Twentieth Century. German History, 32(3), 431-455. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghu066.

BEDESCHI, G. (2013). La prima Repubblica (1946-1993). Storia di una democrazia difficile. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino.

BENDIX, R., y LIPSET, S. M. (1966). Class, status, and power: Social stratification in comparative perspective. Michigan: Free Press.

BERELSON, B., y LAZARSFELD, P. F. (1954). Voting: A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

BERG-SCHLOSSER, D., y MITCHELL, J. (Eds.). (2000). The Conditions of Democracy in Europe 1919-39: Systematic Case Studies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780333993774

BERSTEIN, S. (1999). De la démocratie plébiscitaire au gaullisme: Naissance d’une nouvelle culture politique républicain. En BERSTEIN, S. (Coord.) Les cultures politiques en France (153-187). Paris: Editions du Seuil.

BUCHANAN, T., y CONWAY, M. (2002). The Politics of Democracy in Twentieth-Century Europe: Introduction. European History Quarterly, 32, 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269142002032001559

CAPOCCIA, G. (2005). Defending democracy: Reactions to extremism in interwar Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2005.10526668

CONWAY, M. (2002). Democracy in Postwar Western Europe: The triumph of a political model. European History Quarterly, 32(1), 59-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269142002032001562

CONWAY, M. (2004). The rise and fall of Western Europe’s democratic age, 1945-1973. Contemporary European History, 13(1), 67-88. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777303001474

CONWAY, M. (2020). Western Europe’s Democratic Age: 1945—1968. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691203485.001.0001

CORDUWENER, P. (2016). Democracy as a contested concept in Post-war Western Europe: A comparative study of political debates in France, West Germany and Italy. Historical Journal, 59(1), 197-220.

CORDUWENER, P. (2017). The problem of democracy in postwar Europe: Political actors and the formation of the postwar model of democracy in France, West Germany and Italy. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315536835

COSTOPOULOS, P. J., y ROSANVALLON, P. (1995). The History of the Word «Democracy» in France. Journal of Democracy, 6(4), 140-154. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1995.0072

DAHL, R. A. (1956). A preface to democratic theory: How does popular sovereignty function in America? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

DAHL, R. A. (1967). Pluralist democracy in the United States: Conflict and consent. Chicago: Rand McNally.

DIPPEL, H. (1985). Democratie, Democrates. En Handbuch politisch-sozialer grundbergriffe in frankreich, 1680-1820 (pp. 57-97). Oldenbourg.

DOMPER LASÚS, C. (2019). Ni liberales ni comunistas. La «democracia orgánica» y la integración del Franquismo y el Estado Novo en la Europa posterior a 1945. Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie V, Historia Contemporánea, 31, 151-172. https://doi.org/10.5944/etfv.31.2019.24281

DOWNS, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. New York: HarperCollins.

EULAU, H. (1969). Behavioralism in Political Science. New York: Atherton Press.

FORNER, S. A. (2016). German Intellectuals and the Challenge of Democratic Renewal: Culture and Politics after 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

FRITZSCHE, P. (1990). Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

FUKUYAMA, F. (1989). The End of History. The National Interest, 16, 3-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/07366988909450540

FUKUYAMA, F. (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. New York: The Free Press.

GIJSENBERGH, J., DE JONG, W., HOLLANDER, S., y HOUWEN, T. (2012). Creative Crises of Democracy. Bruselas: Presses Interuniversitaires Europeennes. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-0352-6140-0

GILMAN, N. (2003). Mandarins of the Future. Modernization theory in Cold War America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press Books.

GIMÉNEZ MARTÍNEZ, M. Á. (2012). Las Cortes Españolas en el régimen de Franco: Nacimiento, desarrollo y extinción de una cámara orgánica. Madrid: Congreso de los Diputados, Departamento de Publicaciones.

HARRINGTON, A. (2016). German Cosmopolitan Social Thought and the Idea of the West: Voices from Weimar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316275658

IHALAINEN, P. (2017). The Springs of Democracy: National and Transnational Debates on Constitutional Reform in the British, German, Swedish and Finnish Parliaments, 1917-1919. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

INNES, J., y PHILP, M. (2018). 'Democracy' from Book to Life: The Emergence of the Term in Active Political Debate, to 1848. En Jussi KURUNMÄKI, Hendrik TE VELDE y Jeppe NEVERS (Eds.) Democracy in Modern Europe: A Conceptual History (16-41). New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvw04k8b.4

JESSEN, R., y RICHTER, H. (Eds.) (2011). Voting for Hitler and Stalin Elections under 20th Century Dictatorships. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.

JUDT, T. (2007). Postwar: A history of Europe since 1945. London: Pimlico.

KURUNMÄKI, J. (2019). Democracy both young and old: Finland, Sweden and the interwar crisis of democracy. Journal of Modern European History, 17(4), 486-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/1611894419880461

KURUNMAKI, J., y STRANG, J. (2010). Rhetorics of Nordic Democracy. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

LAVINIA ANDERSON, M. (2000). Practicing democracy: Elections and political culture in Imperial germany. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

LAZARSFELD, P. F., BERELSON, B., y GAUDET, H. (1944). The people’s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce.

LEFFLER, M. P. (2010). The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945-1952. En M. P. LEFFLER y O. A. WESTAD (Eds.). The Cambridge history of the Cold War. Vol. I Origins (67-88). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521837194.005

LINZ, J. J., y STEPAN, A. (1978). The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

LIPSET, S. M., y RAAB, E. (1970). The politics of unreason: Right-wing extremism in America, 1790-1970. New York: Harper & Row.

LIPSET, S., y ROKKAN, S. (Eds.). (1967). Party systems and voter alignments. Cross national perspectives. New York: Free Press/Collier Macmillian.

LOWE, K. (2012). Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II. London: Viking.

LOWE, K. (2017). El miedo y la libertad: Cómo nos cambió la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutemberg.

LUEBBERT, G. M. (1991). Liberalism, Fascism, or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

MANDEVILLE, Laure (2020). Un long combat commence avec la Chine, mais nous n'allons pas nécessairement le perdre, Le Figaro, 26 de diciembre. https://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/societe/francis-fukuyama-un-long-combat-comme-avec-la-chine-mais-nous-n-allons-pas-necessairement-le-perdre-20201226.

MARÍN I CORBERA, M. (2016). La democracia orgánica como forma de representación política: Un análisis de las fórmulas de cooptación de procuradores en Cortes y de sus resultados. 16, 89-112. https://doi.org/10.14195/1647-8622_16_5

MAZOWER, M. (2001). La Europa negra: Desde la Gran Guerra hasta la caída del comunismo. Barcelona: Ediciones B.

MCCARTHY, H. (2007). Parties, voluntary associations, and democratic politics in interwar Britain. The Historical Journal, 50(4), 891-912. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X07006425.

MCCARTHY, H. (2012). Whose democracy? Histories of British political culture between the wars. The Historical Journal, 55(1), 221-238. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X11000604

MOLINERO, C., e YSÀS, P. (2008). La anatomia del franquismo. De la supervivencia a la agonia, 1945-1977. Barcelona: Crítica.

MUELLER, Jan-Werner (2021). What's Behind the “Crisis of Democracy”?, Project Syndicate, https://www.project-syndicate.org/onpoint/crisis-of-democracy-books-how-to-fix-the-system-jan-werner-mueller-2021-08.

MULLER, Jan-Werner. (2013). Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth-Century Europe. New Haven: Yale University Press.

MÜLLER, T. B., y NEVERS, J. (2019). Narratives of democracy: A call for historical studies. Journal of Modern European History, 17(2), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/1611894419835739.

MÜLLER, T. B., y TOOZE, A. (2015). Normalität und Fragilität: Demokratie nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg. Hamburg: Hamburguer Edition.

MUÑOZ SORO, J. (2011). Los apellidos de la democracia. Los intelectuales y la idea de democracia durante el franquismo (1939-1975). Cercles: revista d’història cultural, 14, 55-81.

NORD, P. G. (2019). Narratives of democracy in post-war France. Journal of Modern European History, 17(2), 209-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1611894419835751.

ORSINA, G. (2019). Party democracy and its enemies: Italy, 1945–1992. Journal of Modern European History, 17(2), 220-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1611894419835752.

OSMOND, J. (1993). Rural Protest in the Weimar Republic: The Free Peasantry in the Rhineland and Bavaria. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-333-52448-0.

PALMER, R. R. (1953). Notes on the Use of the Word «Democracy» 1789-1799. Political Science Quarterly, 68(2), 203-226. https://doi.org/10.2307/2144967.

PASSMORE, K. (1997). From Liberalism to Fascism: The Right in a French Province, 1928–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511582103.

PAXTON, R. O. (1997). French Peasant Fascism: Henry Dorgères’ Greenshirts and the Crises of French Agriculture, 1929-1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

RICHTER, H. (2017). Moderne Wahlen: Eine Geschichte der Demokratie in Preußen und den USA im 19. Jahrhundert. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition.

ROSENFELD, G. D. (2019). The Fourth Reich: The Specter of Nazism from World War II to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108628587

SNYDER, T. (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books.

ZIBLATT, D. (2006). How Did Europe Democratize? World Politics, 58(2), 311-338. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2006.0028.

ZIBLATT, D. (2017). Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139030335.